I was born a year and a half into FDR's first term. The magic 100 days had passed; the Supreme
Court had not yet dismantled a number of his initiatives. Though the country was still in the grip of
depression, his actions and the confidence Roosevelt beamed from the White
House had lifted Americans' spirit and revived, albeit tentatively, hope that
we could find our way forward.
In adolescence, I was an avid fan of Mr. President, a serial radio drama in which Edward Arnold
portrayed historical episodes from past Presidencies, revealing only in the
last minute the name of the President being portrayed. I read boy's biographies of Presidents. I absorbed from my parents an automatic
respect for and admiration of our President.
Meanwhile, for the next half century, the American
Presidency steadily coalesced power; The Great Depression, WWII, the Atomic Age
and Cold War, proliferation of regulatory agencies (authorized by Congress,
mind),The Cuban Missile Crisis and Viet Nam, the secrecy of CIA and NSA all
swung the pendulum of power toward the Executive and away from Congress. Mainly, it was the Judiciary that kept the
pendulum from over-swinging.
So perhaps
it's no surprise that I admire a President who can lead and speak for all of
us, whom Congress respects, who generates awe and affection from our friends
and awe and fear from our foes.
But... for good or ill, the American Presidency
is an institution in decline.
Hamilton wrote in Federalist #70 that "Energy in the Executive is a leading
character in the definition of good government." And "A
feeble executive is but another phrase for a bad execution; and a government
ill executed, whatever it may be in theory, must be, in practice, a bad
government."
Surely, Hamilton and Madison would have been alarmed at the
imbalance of power in the '40s, '50's and '60's. But how would they react today, as the
Presidency becomes increasingly toothless, on the verge of emasculation.
In his
landmark work, The American Presidency, Clinton Rossiter's
first lecture enumerated the powers of the Presidency. He listed five chartered by the Constitution;
let's take a look.
·
Chief of
State, i.e., the ceremonial head of government, who with real of feigned
enthusiasm greets dignitaries, bestows medals, pardons turkeys, proclaims
holidays, throws out first pitches, and all the rest. What may seem frivolous is necessary to stay
in touch with our people and generate empathy from them for what Rossiter
called "a one-man distillation of
the American People."
Reagan
played this role to the hilt. But Clinton's
peccadilloes and W's Texas swagger and entangled syntax weakened the role. Has Obama, simply by illustrating the growing
diversity of Americans, inherently fragmented any single father-figure image
Chief of State?
·
Chief
Executive, i.e., the supervisor of the government, through the powers to
appoint and remove, in order -- as the Constitution demands -- to "take
care that the laws be faithfully executed." With the explosion of independent regulatory
agencies, increasingly complex bills coming out of Congress, signing statements
from the White House, and an distressingly activist, reactionary court, can
anyone be singly and confidently held accountable for what Hamilton called good
administration: Federalist #68, "The
true test of a good government is its aptitude and tendency to produce a good
administration." Remember
"your doin' a heckuva job, Brownie"?
·
Commander
in Chief of the military might as well as of the vast and increasingly
intrusive intelligence apparatus. Has
Obama weakened this role by his waffling over the "red line" in
Syria? Does anyone take him seriously
that military options are still on the table?
Maybe in this case, it is for the best, but no one doubted Lincoln, as
Commander in Chief, "clothed in immense power." Is the Commander still Chief when his
Intelligence czar and head of NSA get caught lying to Congress and us about
what they are snooping into, and the President has not yet called them to
account or fired anyone; is this role, too, being eaten away from within?
·
Chief
Diplomat; the two elements of this are formulation of foreign policy and the
conduct of foreign affairs. In
Federalist #75, Hamilton explains the role of the executive as sole representative
to foreign governments and of the Senate as constraint and contact with the
will of the people. Two Supreme Court
decisions, in 1799 and 1936, confirm those roles. Yet in recent years, more and more treaties
lie languishing for lack of Senate action to either ratify or reject. No fewer than nine human rights treaties await
action, dating back to 1977, and countless other important items like Law of
the Seas, environmental treaties, and trade treaties are blocked from
consideration, usually by a minority of the Senate. Moreover, junketing Representatives and
Senators, e.g., Lindsey Graham and John McCain visiting with rebels in Syria,
muck about in what should be Executive Branch domain.
Another
element of diplomacy is foreign respect.
Consider what has happened as America has screwed up Iraq, been
befuddled in Afghanistan, looked rudderless in Syria, become the fall guy for
all sides that the Arab Spring has sprouted, and been flaunted and lectured to
by Vladmir Vladmirovitch.
- ·
Chief
Legislator. Congress deals with such a complex myriad of
issues, and represents so many conflicting interests, that the Constitutional
charge that the President "shall from time to time give to Congress information
on the state of the union, and recommend to their consideration such measures
as he shall judge expedient" (Article II, Section 3) has become a major
function. It is mentioned in passing in
Federalist #77, but in such a way as to indicate it was then almost an
afterthought to the authors. It grew to
be a critical role; Roosevelt, Johnson, even Eisenhower, put their stamp on
legislation. But today, Presidential
budgets and legislative proposals are virtually DOA with Congress openly
disdainful of the office.
Rossiter goes on to add five more roles of a President
that over time and through the evolution of our democratic republic have become
part of his or her job.
- ·
Chief of The
Party. But look at Obama's inability
to corral his own. Democrats defy his
appointments, lobby against candidates (e.g., Larry Summers) and set their own
agenda. Some think this fine, but
Obama's unwillingness to play party boss and chief stroker has undermined his
authority within his own ranks.
- ·
Voice of
The People. Lincoln and the
Roosevelts established this role, but ever since, with easy access to media,
many "voices of the people" have diminished the awe and respect for
the voice of the President. The networks
sometimes decline to broadcast his oval office addresses.
- ·
Protector
of the Peace: this stems from the power to declare emergencies and issue
decrees. The Emergency Banking Act,
1933, and Securities and Exchange Act, 1934, even give the President power to
suspend financial activity. But the
concentration of financial power, lobbying pressure and campaign contributions
have nullified such authority. Yes, the
President still can declare emergency in case of natural disasters, but not
likely man-made ones.
- ·
Manager
of Prosperity. The Full Employment
Act, the Council of Economic Advisors, the annual Economic Report and all the
rest appear to create this role for him or her -- but it is, of course, an
impossible expectation to be lived up to.
No President has the power today to "manage" our economy, and
the more they try, the more impotent they appear.
- ·
Leader of
the Free World. Like it or not,
sought or not, this role was thrust upon our President in 1945 and doubly so in
1989. But today? A mockery... a third of the world resists us,
another third dislikes us and the rest is in doubt about our leadership after
the Iran-Contra scandal, the humbling on 9/11, the Bush/Cheney folly of Iraq,
the quagmire of Afghanistan, and the impressive rise of a China who appears able
to get things done.
One might
say that it is an impossible job. But
nonetheless, in all ten roles, the American Presidency is increasingly
tarnished, increasingly emasculated. To
many, this is not unwelcome. To my
libertarian friends, all government is too powerful, Executive and
Congress. And they like the tilt of the
Supreme Court (though they should beware its taste for corporate libertarians.) But to others, it is a regrettable trend. I, for one, am distressed.
Can this be
reversed? Yes, certainly the public's
congenital willingness to embrace magnetic personalities means another
avuncular Reagan might appear to reverse the decline, as he did our
Nixon/Ford/Carter malaise. A new
national crisis might give rise to another Lincoln or FDR. But in the meantime, the American Presidency
is being emasculated by our political incapacity (gerrymandered safe seats and
money politics), by self-inflicted wounds (like Bush/Cheney's vendetta against
Saddam Hussein), by lack of understanding what a President must be and do
(Obama?), and by world affairs beyond our ken (the Arab Spring, Islamic
fundamentalism, the rise of China.) Are we satisfied with this -- to have a
string of Buchanans or Hardings?
No. The American Presidency is a unique
institution, the finest creation of the Constitutional Convention. We need to reverse the emasculation and
restore the presidency in power and prestige for I believe an effective and
energetic President is necessary to the continuing
productivity, confidence and unity of America.
